BEIJING--China, where the coronavirus pandemic started in December, is cautiously trying to get back to business, but it’s not easy when many millions of workers are wary of spending much or even going out.

Factories and shops nationwide shut down starting in late January. Millions of families were told to stay home under unprecedented controls that have been copied by the United States, Europe and India.

The ruling Communist Party says the outbreak, which killed more than 3,340 people among more than 82,341 confirmed cases as of Thursday, is under control. But the damage to Chinese lives and the economy is lingering.

Truck salesman Zhang Hu is living the dilemma holding back the recovery. The 27-year-old from the central city of Zhengzhou has gone back to work, but with few people looking to buy 20-ton trucks, his income has fallen by half. Like many millions of others, he is pinching pennies.

“I put off plans to change cars and spend almost nothing on eating out or entertainment,” he said. “I have no idea when the situation will turn better.”

Factories reopened in March after President Xi Jinping visited Wuhan, the city at the center of the outbreak, signaling confidence the virus was under control. But the consumers whose spending propels China’s economic growth are holding onto their money despite official efforts to lure them back to shopping malls and auto showrooms--still afraid of losing their jobs or catching the virus.

Data due out Friday is expected to show the economy contracted by up to 9 percent in January-March, its worst performance since the late 1970s.

That’s a blow to automakers and other global companies hoping that China, after leading the way into a global shutdown, might power a recovery from the most painful slump since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

“What is not fully back, or is completely missing, is the demand,” said Louis Kuijs of Oxford Economics.

In Europe, the first tentative steps at winding back economically crippling restrictions were also running into resistance, as shoppers stayed away from the few stores that were reopening and some workers feared the newly restored freedoms could put their health at risk. The streets of Rome were largely deserted despite an easing of restrictions this week that allowed some businesses to reopen.

In China, e-commerce got a boost when families stuck at home bought groceries and other items online. But forecasters expect little to no growth in this year’s total spending on clothing, food and other consumer goods.

Some cities have resorted to handing out shopping vouchers and trying to reassure consumers by showing officials on state media eating in restaurants. Consumption is a smaller share of China’s economy than in the United States and other high-income countries but accounted for 80 percent of last year’s growth.

Economists earlier forecast China would bounce back as early as this month. They cut growth forecasts and pushed back recovery timelines after January-February activity was even worse than expected.

Bernstein Research says auto sales might fall by as much as 15 percent, deepening a 2-year slump in the global industry’s biggest market.

With factories closed and some 800 million people told to stay home, consumer spending shrank 23.7 percent from a year earlier and manufacturing fell 13.5 percent. Auto sales plunged 82 percent in February. Projections of full-year Chinese growth, previously close to 6 percent, are now as low as zero.

That is dragging down global growth forecasts. The International Monetary Fund says the world economy might contract by up to 3 percent, a far bigger hit than 2009’s 0.1 percent loss during the global financial crisis.

Other Asian economies, many dependent on Chinese trade and tourism, are unlikely to see quick recoveries and will likely follow the West into a downturn, according to Morgan Stanley.

In China, manufacturing is back to 80 percent of usual levels, but urban traffic, power use and other indicators of daily life are at half to 65 percent of normal.

At the same time, public anxiety has been fed by reports of new outbreaks that have led to more controls.

A furniture manufacturer in northeastern Shenyang reopened on March 15 but is getting few visitors in its showroom, said an employee, who gave only his surname, Jin.

“No one wants to decorate a house and buy furniture because of the epidemic and loss of jobs,” the 33-year-old said, adding he’s canceled plans to buy a car and travel.

Trying to lure shoppers back, cities from Jinan in the northeast to Ningbo, south of Shanghai, are handing out vouchers. The eastern city of Nanjing gave out electronic vouchers totaling 318 million yuan ($45 million or 4.8 billion yen) via smartphones to spend at restaurants, bookstores and other merchants.

Areas including Jiangxi province in the south have extended weekends to 2 1/2 days and cut admission prices for local scenic spots.

The ruling Communist Party has told companies to keep paying wages and avoid layoffs. Private companies were promised tax breaks, low-cost loans and other help, though state media say bureaucracy is slowing the flow of aid.

It isn’t clear how many companies might close for good under the pressure of paying rent and wages with no revenue.

“Companies can’t resume full production due to cuts in orders at home and abroad, leaving them unwilling to recruit workers,” said economist Zuo Xiaolei at Galaxy Securities in Beijing. “If workers have no income, then consumption will decline.”

Consumers need to be reassured their health and jobs are protected, economists say.

A strategy that worked after the 2008 crisis was Germany’s implementation of short-term work--employees worked fewer hours but companies received government subsidies to pay them full-time wages, said Kuijs of Oxford Economics. That kept experienced workers in place and supported consumer spending.

“That was considered to be quite a successful system,” he said.

Chinese exporters of consumer electronics, clothes and other goods are unlikely to get much help from abroad as the United States and Europe suffer waves of job losses and tell consumers to stay at home.

“Exports could easily fall by 10 percent or more in 2020,” Larry Hu of Macquarie Capital said in a report.

China’s leaders have stepped up spending on roads, other public works and on next-generation telecoms networks but are reluctant to pump too much money into the economy for fear of fueling inflation and adding to a mountain of debt.

“It doesn’t make sense to stimulate too much at this stage,” said Macquarie’s Hu. “It will lead to more inflation instead of more output.”